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أوامر Linux

ابحث عن أوامر شائعة مع أمثلة وتحذيرات للعمليات الخطرة.

40 أمر

pwd

Print the current working directory

pwd
ls

List directory contents

ls -lah
cd

Change the working directory

cd /var/www
mkdir

Create directories

mkdir -p app/logs
touch

Create a file or update timestamps

touch notes.txt
cp

Copy files or directories

cp -r src backup
mv

Move or rename files

mv old.txt new.txt
rmاستخدم بحذر

Remove files or directories; this cannot be undone

rm -r old-folder
find

Search for files by conditions

find . -name "*.log"
du

Estimate file and directory space usage

du -sh *
df

Show filesystem disk space

df -h
cat

Print or concatenate files

cat config.txt
less

View long text page by page

less access.log
head

Show the beginning of a file

head -n 20 data.csv
tail

Show the end of a file or follow logs

tail -f app.log
grep

Search text using patterns

grep -R "ERROR" logs/
sort

Sort lines of text

sort -u names.txt
wc

Count lines, words, and bytes

wc -l access.log
sed

Stream-edit and replace text

sed 's/foo/bar/g' file.txt
awk

Process field-based text

awk '{print $1}' access.log
chmod

Change file permissions

chmod 755 deploy.sh
chown

Change file owner and group

chown -R www-data:www-data app
ps

Show running processes

ps aux
top

Monitor processes and system load

top
killاستخدم بحذر

Send a signal to a process

kill -15 1234
free

Show memory usage

free -h
uname

Show kernel and system information

uname -a
whoami

Print the current user name

whoami
systemctl

Manage systemd services

systemctl status nginx
journalctl

Read systemd journal logs

journalctl -u nginx -n 100
ip

Inspect and configure network interfaces and routes

ip addr show
ping

Test network reachability and latency

ping -c 4 example.com
curl

Send network requests or download data

curl -I https://example.com
wget

Download files from the web

wget https://example.com/file.zip
scp

Copy files over SSH

scp file.txt user@server:/tmp/
tar

Create or extract archive files

tar -czf backup.tar.gz app/
apt

Package manager for Debian and Ubuntu

sudo apt install nginx
dnf

Package manager for Fedora and RHEL

sudo dnf install nginx
pacman

Package manager for Arch Linux

sudo pacman -S nginx

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